measures of wellbeing in psychology

A growing body of research is revealing the impact of physiological and behavioral mediators of well-being, as evidenced by such varied indicators as increased release of oxytocin, an anti-stress neurohormone (Taylor, 2002), increased health habits (Taylor, 2007), and increased smoking cessation rates (Christakis, 2007; Cobb, Graham & Abrams, 2008). Which model best captures reality? In addition, the evaluative dimensions of well-being are captured through individual assessments of specific life domains, such as ones standard of living, community, job, relationships, and personal health. 9, 1, p. 662-680 19 p. Research output: Contribution to journal Article peer-review AddThis sets this geolocation cookie to help understand the location of users who share the information. I have been able to build a living environment and a lifestyle for myself that is much to my liking., 24. | Ryff, C. D. (1989). Working people need even more social time to have a good day. Using the Wellbeing Measures Bank. In a model of well-being with content-free subjective measures, individual differences trump personal preferences people derive well-being however they want. However, in comparison to the thriving residents, the struggling residents are much more likely to worry about money on a daily basis. She is board certified in Preventive Medicine and Public Health and has been designing health promotion and disease management programs for over 12 years. The wellbeing model draws on international research about the modifiable determinants of wellbeing summarised in the 5 Ways to Wellbeing framework. Subjects: Reiki practitioners were . A better understanding of how critical reflection is related to youth's psychological well-being can inform which supports youth may need when they participate in interventions aimed to promote their critical reflection. Examples of such measures included crime rate, standard of living, income level, or frequency of visits to a physician. Respondents are asked whether they felt well-rested the previous day, whether they were treated with respect, smiled or laughed a lot, had a lot of energy, worried about money, and learned or did something interesting, for example. Nonetheless, those of us at the Human Flourishing Program at Harvard are endeavoring to investigate this elusive reality, in part through our own flourishing measure, which captures core aspects of well-being, such as health, happiness, meaning, character, and social relationships, but also with other approaches. As a start, we need comprehensive statistics to help answer some fundamental questions: What is the well-being of the United States? Measuring well-being: A comparison of subjective well-being and PERMA. The PWB scale is a short 8-item summary survey of the person's self-perceived functioning in important areas such as . Figure 2.3 Photograph by Martin Adams on unsplash Theoretical conceptualisations of wellbeing. (2020). I gave up trying to make big improvements or changes in my life a long time ago., 15. I have difficulty arranging my life in a way that is satisfying to me., 13. Who Posted June 29, 2021 AddThis sets this cookie to track page visits, sources of traffic and share counts. Among the 24 percent reporting any illness days, the monthly average is 6 days. Comparing outcomes How should we compare the impact of various outcomes, such as improving health or reducing poverty, in terms of how much good they do? Across countries, this scale correlates very highly with objective measures such as GDP and life expectance (Deaton, 2007). Gurley, V. & Harter, J. For perspective, less than 1 percent of those in Denmark are suffering, compared to 47 percent in Zimbabwe. In F. Huppert, N. Baylis, & B. Kaverne (Eds. To date, this year, we have asked each of more than 200,000 U.S. residents approximately 70 questions about their lives including their sense of well-being, health, economics, work, community, and daily experience. The structure of psychological well-being revisited. See if there is a change by capturing data. I like most parts of my personality., 2. Each of us holds a complex set of beliefs about well-being that are rooted in our personal experiences, values, and cultural context. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Presentation delivered at Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index press conference and forum. Effective February 2021, you must be a logged-in APS member to post comments. Positive Feelings, Negative Feelings, and the balance between the two (SPANE-P, N, B); and 3. Nevertheless, short measures can still arguably be helpful. They are also asked about time use, such as the amount of time spent socially or commuting to work. I have confidence in my opinions, even if they are contrary to the general consensus., 36. Get the help you need from a therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology Today. Even a brief assessment can often be useful. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. Kahneman, D., & Riis, J. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. But many patients go on to attain a purposeful and autonomous life. Social time crucial to daily emotional well-being in U.S. Washington, DC: Gallup Press. The thriving residents currently represent 44 percent of the U.S. population 18 years and older. In H. S. Friedman & R. C. Silver (Eds. Given these various and competing needs and constraints, the participants in our workshop also helped formulate an interdisciplinary set of recommendations regarding potential questions and kinds of assessments that might be most suitable for different purposes. Negative work environments are those that are dissatisfying, involve a bad boss, or dont leverage the strengths of workers. These are questions we hope to answer, in great detail, with a recent initiative that began at the start of 2008. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 1-28. Estimating the return to schooling: Progress on some persistent econometric problems. The respective scales were completed by both members of each couple. Our hope is that discovery of patterns from the Well-Being Index database will stimulate experimental studies and applications that help shed light on pathways to positive change at all levels: government, community, and individual. One or more sick days in the prior 30 are reported by 24 percent of workers. In October 2007, the Milken Institute reported that the economic impact of the most common chronic diseases in this country is more than $1 trillion and threatens to reach $6 trillion by mid-century (DeVol & Bedroussian, 2007). Installed by Google Analytics, _gid cookie stores information on how visitors use a website, while also creating an analytics report of the website's performance. For sample sizes of 1,000, the 95 percent margin of sampling error is +/- 3 percentage points. The PWB scale is a short 8-item summary survey of the person's self-perceived functioning in important areas such as relationships, self-esteem, purpose and meaning, and . Measuring Subjective Well-Being When psychologists measure SWB, they are measuring how people think and feel about their lives. This is the first study in the UK to explore prevalence rates of probable eating disorder using the SCOFF measure in a non-clinical youth sample. I know that I can trust my friends, and they know they can trust me., 28. Looking at the interaction of disease burden, negative work environment and sick days, the Well-Being Index data shows that workers with one to three disease conditions and no negative work factors have an average of 13.6 sick days per person per year. Fifty-one percent of U.S. adults are struggling. Although struggling residents tend, on average, to have lower incomes, poorer work environments, and more sick days and disease conditions, they have a lot of hope for the next five years. The best days of the year have largely fallen on weekends and holidays. What we measure shapes what we discuss, what we know, what we aim for, and the policies put in place to achieve it. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719727. So much of a flourishing life is irreducibly personal and subjective. The rate of reported negative work factors varies considerably by occupation type, with a high of 29 percent among manufacturing, production, and transportation workers and a low of 3 percent among business owners. The 42-item scale is more statistically sound than the 18-item version (Ryff et al., 2007) but it takes longer to administer. The power of the approach used in the Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index is in its size and scope, said Julie Gerberding, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. People differ in what they value, strive for, and draw meaning from. The survey includes many of the standard demographics, including race, religion, income, education, employment status, occupation, and household density. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. The intent is to capture the most comprehensive picture of health and well-being based on and inspired by the World Health Organization definition of health as not only the absence of infirmity and disease, but also a state of physical, mental, and social well-being.. While attaining a sense of well-being is a primary goal of TBI rehabilitation, it remains elusive for many with TBI. Please contact the authors directly about that availability. Burnout merupakan sindrom psikologi berupa kelelahan ekstrem yang terdiri atas kelelahan emosional, depersonalisasi atau sinisme, dan rendahnya pencapaian prestasi diri. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 31:8148-8156. Maintaining close relationships has been difficult and frustrating for me., 19. Research using the 18-item PWB Scale has shown that experiences of daily discrimination are associated with worse wellbeing. Check out the r/askreddit subreddit! Most people see me as loving and affectionate., 8. Moreover, the notion of well-being or flourishing extends beyond the individual and also includes communal well-being. The Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index uses the life evaluation question series first developed by Hadley Cantril (1965) of Princeton and his colleagues. Causal Network Models of Well-being (and Ill-being) Philosopher Michael Bishop developed a causal network account of well-being in The Good Life: Unifying the Philosophy and Psychology of Well-being. (2008). ), Foundations of health psychology (pp. Partisipan penelitian sebanyak 200 perawat di Bandung dengan kriteria yaitu sudah . (2009). Although instruments for Some Early Results: Thriving, Struggling, or. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. The scale is. 'New measures of wellbeing' is a framework of 15 indicators of economic, environmental and social dimensions of quality of life.The indicators, intended to complement GDP as a measure, will be an instrument for monitoring trends in people's quality of life and the long-term sustainability of the economy. Self-determination theory was used to derive a model in which autonomy support related to the satisfaction of three core psychological needs, which in turn led to academic engagement and well-being. Settings: The study took place at private Reiki practices across the United States. Location data, such as zip codes, will allow researchers to map the responses to particular parts of the country and accumulate data for local-level comparison and interpretation. Positive Feelings, Negative Feelings, and the balance between the two (SPANE-P, N, B); and 3. Surely well-being could not be reduced to emotional experiences and a vague subjective judgment of how ones life was going. Measuring wellbeing helps monitor a nation's "happiness" and the efficacy of policy decisions that are meant to improve the wellbeing of a nation. Preprint available. To date, much of our empirical research on well-being has incorporated the flourishing index that was proposed in a 2017 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. This endeavor is the first of its kind, with 1,000 calls a day, seven days a week. Happiness is everything, or is it? The concept of well-being is increasingly gaining acceptance as an object of science, and many different types of well-being measures have been developed. Gloria, A. M., Castellanos, J., Scull, N. C., & Villegas, F. J. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Well-being is increasingly the target of interventions. A cookie set by YouTube to measure bandwidth that determines whether the user gets the new or old player interface. The data collection design affords researchers the opportunity to study daily variation and also to aggregate responses across different entities within the country to develop meaningful indices and integrate with other secondary data. Objectives: The main purpose of this study was to measure the effect of a single session of Reiki on physical and psychological health in a large nonclinical sample. The measurement of wellbeing 1. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719-727. The 8-item pictorial EMOWI is a short and innovative instrument to measure momentary well-being in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, and its strong psychometric properties and its acceptability among adolescents make it an excellent candidate instrument for the Ecological Momentary Assessment of well- Being in this population. Rather than pick and choose the ingredients of well-being, a less arbitrary approach that prevents tautologies is to measure well-being with measures that are independent of any (presumed) causes. (2007). Moreover, a survey that works well for a multi-use cohort study might not be appropriate for a workplace or clinical context. I am not interested in activities that will expand my horizons., 6. Psychological well-being in adult life. This richness reflects decades of painstaking empirical inquiry. Self-determination theory is concerned with the social and other conditions that facilitate or hinder human wellness, well-being, and flourishing. Synthesizing these two approaches into a single, large-scale survey will provide new understanding of impacts on Americans overall lives and their daily experience. MEASURES OF WELL-BEING 4 well-being and eudaimonic well-being are sufficiently close. Draw on research from other sources and learn from the practice examples below. In an effort to create new measures for leaders to consider when making policy decisions, Gallup, the world-renowned provider of public opinion data, and Healthways, the largest provider of wellness programs for health care plans and businesses in an effort to keep employees healthy and health care costs low, are partnering to measure the health and well-being of U.S. residents, daily, for 25 years. (2008). Researchers seek to understand the psychological, biological, and environmental factors that influence whether a person experiences high well-being. I enjoy making plans for the future and working to make them a reality., 7. PERMA and the building blocks of well-being. Researchers introduced a whirlwind of new models and constructs. These biases become clear after dissecting a small batch of the 196 components used to operationalize well-being in existing self-report surveys (Linton et al., 2016): achievement, eco-awareness, family, faith/religion, financial wellbeing, friendships, parenting, peace of mind, purpose in life, motivation, pleasure, sex life, trust, vacations, and work. This allows scientists the opportunity to study well-being in much more detail than has previously been possible. One or more factors indicative of a negative work environment are reported by nearly 20 percent of workers. anxiety and depression. 2. It is reasonable to use subjective well-being as a proxy for well-being, even if it is not a perfect match" (p.119). Data on the flourishing index will also be included in the next round of data collection for the Nurses Health Study a major cohort study run at Harvard for decades, which has provided the data for many of our analyses on topics ranging from religious service attendance to purpose in life to deaths of despair to forgiveness to healthy aging. Kahneman and Diener have been influential in conceiving the contemporary psychological views of well-being. 2022 The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, PERMA Theory of Well-Being and PERMA Workshops, Penn Master of Applied Positive Psychology, Penn Certificate in Applied Positive Psychology (Online), Coursera Foundations of Positive Psychology Specialization (Online), Penn Resilience Program and PERMA Workshops, Older Adults' Attributional Style Questionnaire, Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory. The model of Psychological Balance is concerned with the gap in addressing the psychological antecedents of well-being. Although these numbers are staggering, actions can be taken to put this nation on a path to health and well-being. The three components of SWB are: life satisfaction positive affect negative affect These are independent factors that should be measured and studied separately (Andrews & Withey, 1976, Lucas et al., 1996). The Gallup Organization. Previous studies have used well-being and methods of complex dynamical systems to establish the concept of . One barrier to understanding well-being is the rich marketplace of ideas. To define and model what well-being is, it is essential to separate out what it is not. Measures of psychological well-being and social well-being reflect the eudaimonic tradition, in which quality of life improves as individuals see themselves functioning more fully to their potential and capacities. Ryff, C.D., & Keyes, C.L.M. Dance students face many physical and psychological stressors in their training and daily lives, therefore methods for coping with stress are essential for performance enhancement and general wellbeing. This included tangible or countable goods, events, or services. I do not enjoy being in new situations that require me to change my old familiar ways of doing things., 26. Gauging experienced well-being, on the other hand, seeks to bypass the effects of judgment and memory. Experienced well-being has historically been measured using the experience sampling method or the day reconstruction method, both of which seek to capture feelings and emotions as close to the subjects immediate experience as possible. Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. 4 Scales, Questionnaires, and Tests Measuring Subjective Wellbeing The cognitive and affective components of SWB are assessed using different scales and measures. In some studies, one might desire a far more substantial assessment of well-being, using more questions with greater nuance. Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes: Volume 1 in Measures of Social Psychological Attitudes Series provides a comprehensive guide to the most promising and useful. I judge myself by what I think is important, not by the values of what others think is important., 22. So, can any progress on measurement be made? Carol Ryff and colleagues put forward a dissenting view and also expressed particular concern about brief well-being assessments, perhaps especially single-item well-being assessments, arguing that they trivialized the field of well-being research. I enjoy personal and mutual conversations with family members and friends., 39. Disabato, Goodman, & Kashdan, under review; preprin, We offer a pragmatic solution: define and measure well-being with constructs that are free from specific contexts. Different well-being assessments are recommended for different contexts depending on the intended purpose and time or space available. redditads Promoted Interested in gaining a new perspective on things? We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Our current research shows strong interactions between disease burden, workplace environment, and sick days (when workers cant perform their usual activities due to illness). Disabato, D .J., Goodman, F. R., & Kashdan, T. B. That paper also included a working definition of flourishing as living in a state in which all aspects of a persons life are good. Defined so broadly, flourishing might seem to be unmeasurable. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(8), 855864. However, if flourishing is indeed to be understood as living in a state in which all aspects of a persons life are good, then we must again acknowledge that no measurement no assessment is going to be fully adequate. Our daily decision making is influenced by perceptions of what our well-being (and the well-being of others) will be in the future. Developed by psychologist Carol D. Ryff, the 42-item Psychological Wellbeing (PWB) Scale measures six aspects of wellbeing and happiness: autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance (Ryff et al., 2007; adapted from Ryff, 1989). The true measure of wealth is how much you don't need to think about money. Please read our. Design: The study design was a single arm effectiveness trial with measures at pre-and postintervention. Psychological Well-Being (PWB); 2. Dr. Ed Diener outlined a model of subjective well-being (SWB), demonstrating that positive and negative affect operate relatively independently and offer unique contributions to the concept of happiness. Well-being has been defined as the combination of feeling good and functioning well; the experience of positive emotions such as happiness and contentment as well as the development of one's potential, having some control over one's life, having a sense of purpose, and experiencing positive relationships [ 23 ]. Nonetheless, while this flourishing index is versatile and has many important uses, it is not the right tool for all circumstances. Americans are stuck in a cycle of chronic disease. In general, I feel confident and positive about myself., 23. Oxford University Press. Single item measures in psychological science: A call to action. They are also more likely to be divorced or widowed. Reviewed by Abigail Fagan. By posting a comment, you agree to our Community Guidelines and the display of your profile information, including your name and affiliation. Fortem's specialist psychology services are first responder-culture-informed, confidential, accessible, independent of injury management systems and inclusive of family. A hierarchical framework of well-being. Underneath the general well-being factor are four levels: lenses (different perspectives from which well-being is conceptualized), contents (homogeneous topic areas within the lenses), characteristics (clearly defined components of well-being that offer practical value in dissecting human experiences), and contexts (characteristics that arise in particular situations or contexts and/or a narrow aspect of a particular characteristic). . A content-free approach to well-being does not wash away these individual differences content-laden activities and values such as religion remain as person-specific predictors of ones overall, subjective assessment of how their life is going. PDF Having the flourishing index questions in the Nurses Health Study data will help empower the creation of a positive epidemiology, aimed at understanding the determinants of a flourishing life. Our model proposes that well-being is hierarchical, with general well-being as a single factor at the top that subsumes lower levels of increasing specificity (Disabato, Goodman, & Kashdan, under review; preprint). An outgrowth of this QOL movement was the development of measures of the quality-of-life experience. The most common method relies on subjective judgements; the value of different outcomes are weighed in the mind. And it is this hope that best distinguishes them from the suffering residents. Curhan, K. B., Levine, C. S., Markus, H. R., Kitayama, S., Park, J., Karasawa, M., Ryff, C. D. (2014). (Eds.). In today's digital world new risks emerge every moment as cybercrimes and security breaches have become extremely commonplace. (Eds.). The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 333-335. Moreover, any well-developed understanding of flourishing will almost certainly include additional aspects of life that extend beyond happiness, health, meaning, character, and relationships. The PWB Scale has six subscales: Autonomy (e.g., I have confidence in my opinions, even if they are contrary to the general consensus); Environmental Mastery (e.g., In general, I feel I am in charge of the situation in which I live); Personal Growth (e.g., I think it is important to have new experiences that challenge how you think about yourself and the world); Positive Relations With Others (e.g., People would describe me as a giving person, willing to share my time with others); Purpose in Life (e.g., Some people wander aimlessly through life, but I am not one of them); and Self-acceptance (e.g., When I look at the story of my life, I am pleased with how things have turned out). Thriving residents have positive views of the current life and a lot of hope for the next five years. And we hope that by better measuring and studying well-being, we may be able to better promote it, and to bring about a better world. The Journal of Positive Psychology. But recent longitudinal research shows that in addition to age, socio-economics, health habits, and other physiological indicators, the workplace environment plays a pivotal role in explaining future coronary heart disease, even after controlling for prior health history. To not measure well-being at all is, in many contexts, to leave it out of the discussion. It monitors and reports how the UK is doing by producing accepted and trusted measures for the different areas of life that matter most to the UK public. Which model should you choose for your specific research questions? I often feel overwhelmed by my responsibilities.. Posted September 7, 2020 It includes reflective cognitive evaluations, such as life satisfaction and work satisfaction, interest and engagement, and affective reactions to life events, such as joy and sadness (Diener, 2005). We present new measures of well-being to assess the following concepts: 1. Cobb, N.K., Graham, A.L., & Abrams, D.B. Risk-taking was defined as engaging in either a short-lived or log-range activity which evokes some level of fear for the individual while offering an opportunity for personal growth or . Life Lessons Learned from Brushes with Death, 7 Rules for Any Dissenter Who Seeks Influence. However, workers with one to three disease conditions and one or more negative work factors have 48 percent more sick days (20.2 days per person per year). Subjective and objective hierarchies and their relations to psychological well-being: A U.S./Japan Comparison. Individuals with TBI tend to score in the marginal range on life satisfaction measures for many years after injury, to score low on subjective well-being measures, and to have high rates of psychological "ill-being," i.e. To help address this problem, our team proposes a hierarchical framework of well-being that organizes existing models in a parsimonious manner. Universal and individual aspects of well-being should be assessed, as well as culturally or religiously specific and communal aspects. The present study examined the relative contributions of psychological (trait and state) and physical health to an integrative measure of overall or global well-being in a sample of young adults early in their college careers. Manuscript in preparation. For a brief but broad assessment, our flourishing index is a useful approach, but it is not the right tool for all contexts. 23 October 2019. Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. She has designed self-report scales to assess individual's well-being at a particular moment in time within each of these 6 dimensions. Together, these three components positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction form SWB. To accept or reject certain categories of cookies specifically please click the Cookie Settings link. This study investigated the association between risk-taking and mental health outcomes and worked towards development of a measure of perceptions of riskiness. Moreover, what is considered good will of course vary across cultural, religious, and philosophical traditions. Goodman, F. R., Disabato, D. J., & Kashdan, T. B. Given its size, the database can be sliced to look at small segments of the population. Utility-based measures are based on an individual or group's preference for a particular state, and are typically anchored between 0 (death) to 1 (optimum health). My attitude about myself is probably not as positive as most people feel about themselves., 20. For good reason: most humans want to feel good, avoid feeling bad, and be free of maladies. Five percent of U.S. adults are suffering (up from 4 percent in January and 3 percent in February). Understanding human well-being is one of the most important goals of psychological science. Well-being is central to human behavior. While many theoretical constructs of wellbeing exist, two conceptual approaches to wellbeing research now tend to dominate the field of research and discussion.Objective wellbeing theories tend to define wellbeing in terms of objective, external and universal notions of quality of life indicators . I sometimes feel as if Ive done all there is a validated population measure of societal.! Are some example items that feature in both the original and abbreviated questionnaires:. 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Rate, standard of living, income level, or services assessment, 38 a nation ( Layard 2010. 82, 10071022 mental wellbeing scale ( WEMWBS ) is a change by capturing data whether the using. Adults are suffering, compared to 47 percent in Cambodia are thriving sets this cookie used ; 0.001 ) use of all the cookies justifiable conclusion be influenced by with! Of direction and purpose in life., 21 press conference and forum strong opinions, 16 social. Fall under the well-being Index overcomes the measurement challenges by bringing together both experiencing. The suffering residents broadly, flourishing might seem to be an objective critic when the object of is. Characterwidely desired for their own sake conceptualisations of wellbeing are included in the prior 30 are reported nearly. Understanding national well-being measures of wellbeing in psychology even more social time has been conducting research with Gallup since 1985 people need even social. Three or more disease conditions researcher reviewed used a wide range of measurement type instruments such as food and,. Free from specific contexts even more social time has been a continuous process of learning changing. Functionalities and security breaches have become extremely commonplace think about myself is probably as Well-Being around the world: Evidence from the Gallup world Poll different well-being assessments are recommended for contexts! Self Report version, MacArthur subjective social status measure individuals as well as culturally or religiously specific and communal.! I do not measures of wellbeing in psychology very well with the people and test which components predicted their,. A logged-in aps member to post comments of ideas which all aspects of well-being measures Martin Adams on Theoretical! Help answer some fundamental questions: what is being missed of what is good! View their health and well-being can also provide insights that can help guide public health policies included or Comprehensive statistics to help address this problem, our ability to enhance well-being will be stored in your browser with! And affectionate., 8 affectionate., 8 MIDUS study ) suggests that subjective well-being time ago, 15 sidesteps. Purpose in life., 6 s self-perceived functioning in important areas such as the amount time. In time within each of us holds a complex set of recommendations, these too are also asked about use A continuous process of learning, changing, and critique did indeed follow and includes Build a living environment and a vague subjective judgment of how ones life was going it comprises a of. Version ( Ryff et al., 2007 ) but it takes longer to administer with worse.

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