https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2002/088), Craig, A., & Tran, Y. increased social communication participation (Manning & DiLollo, 2018). (2004) The effectiveness of rehabilitation for nonoperative management of shoulder instability: a systematic review. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 40, 3543. From their results, they were able to find a high correlation between an individual's working memory capacity and their susceptibility to inattentional blindness. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.068, Beilby, J. M., & Byrnes, M. L. (2012). St. Louis, K. O., Myers, F., Bakker, K., & Raphael, L. (2007). We promise you, an outline will help you stay on track. Phonological working memory in developmental stuttering: Potential insights from the neurobiology of language and cognition. The ASHA Action Center welcomes questions and requests for information from members and non-members. Cluttering, another fluency disorder, is characterized by a perceived rapid and/or irregular speech rate, atypical pauses, maze behaviors, pragmatic issues, decreased awareness of fluency problems or moments of disfluency, excessive disfluencies, collapsing or omitting syllables, and language formulation issues, which result in breakdowns in speech clarity and/or fluency (St. Louis & Schulte, 2011; van Zaalen-Opt Hof & Reichel, 2014). Mancinelli, J. M. (2019). When it becomes impossible to attend to all the stimuli in a given situation, a temporary "blindness" effect can occur, as individuals fail to see unexpected but often salient objects or stimuli. Classification. References are placed on the final page of a research project. [3] Some patients with PSI may also have a sulcus sign, which is considered an indication of inferior shoulder instability. Cluttering: A handbook of research, intervention and education. 6989). [4][7][9][10][11][12][13] During these tests the clinician is trying to reproduce the subluxation or the patients symptoms of pain and instability. Education, 136(2), 159168. Retrieved month, day, year, from www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/fluency-disorders/. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) is the national professional, scientific, and credentialing association for 223,000 members and affiliates who are audiologists; speech-language pathologists; speech, language, and hearing scientists; audiology and speech-language pathology support personnel; and students. [27] EMG biofeedback has also been used successfully post surgically to reeducate muscle patterns, specifically the posterior deltoid. For example, instead of using the title A Look at Amphibians From the Past, title the paper Amphibians From the Past. Delete the unnecessary fluff! A descriptive study of speech, language, and hearing characteristics of school-aged stutterers. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2011/09-0102), Ntourou, K., Conture, E. G., & Walden, T. A. Participants in this experiment engaged in a guided-audio task of mindfully eating a raisin, a well-known task introduced by Kabat-Zinn in his mindfulness-based stress reduction program, or listened to factual descriptions about raisins. It presents case histories and a number of X-ray plates to support claims that Dianetics had cured "aberrations" including bipolar disorder, asthma, arthritis, colitis, and "overt homosexuality", and that after Dianetic processing, test subjects experienced significantly increased scores on a standardized IQ test. Ward, D., & Scaler Scott, K. (2011). These theories allege the involvement of the CIA, the Mafia, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro, the KGB, or some combination of these individuals and Trait and social anxiety in adults with chronic stuttering: Conclusions following meta-analysis. https://doi.org/10.1044/cicsd_31_S_69, Blood, G. W., & Blood, I. M. (2016). Effortful control, an aspect of temperament that supports self-regulation, may be predictive of stuttering severity and may facilitate positive change in treatment (Kraft et al., 2019). At the top of the page, add the page number in the upper right corner of all pages, including the title page. Clinical utility of self-disclosure for adults who stutter: Apologetic versus informative statements. Exp Brain Res. Parent perceptions of an integrated stuttering treatment and behavioral self-regulation program for early developmental stuttering. Arrhythmias as presentation of genetic cardiomyopathy; Shoulder Instability-Aurora Health Center. [8]This pain or sense of instability is often elicited when their arm is in the position of forward flexion, adduction, and internal rotation. Try not to add fluff and unnecessary details into your paper or writing. When writing with an active voice, the subject. [1]. Effectiveness of intensive, group therapy for teenagers who stutter. Persons who stutter may appear to have expressive language problems because of a tendency to avoid speaking or speak in a way thats unclear to the listener. These subjects are analyzed for a specific reason and the author reports on the method and conclusions from their study. Assessing organization of discourse also can help rule out verbal organization problems that might be mistaken for cluttering (van Zaalen-Opt Hof et al., 2009). Not doing so can be considered plagiarism, possibly leading to a failed grade or loss of a job. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awt275, Chang, S.-E., Zhu, D. C., Choo, A. L., & Angstadt, M. (2015). An effective clientclinician relationship facilitates the identification of potential roadblocks (Plexico et al., 2010). Reilly, S., Onslow, M., Packman, A., Cini, E., Conway, L., Ukoumunne, O., Bavin, E., Prior, M., Eadie, P., Block, S., & Wake, M. (2013). Ward, D., Connally, E. L., Pliatsikas, C., Bretherton-Furness, J., & Watkins, K. E. (2015). The painful jerk group had a 16% success rate with rehabilitation vs. the painless jerk group which had a 93% success rate with the rehabilitation program. Advance online publication. Pediatrics, 144(4), Article e20190811. However, only 38% of the adult, 35% of the junior, and none of the child novices noticed the gorilla. Since APA style format is used often in science fields, the belief is less is more. Make sure youre able to get your points across in a clear and brief way. Our plagiarism checker is a great resource for anyone looking for writing help. Michele Kirschenbaum is a school library media specialist and the in-house librarian at EasyBib.com. Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders, 11(1), 711. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 32(1), 5169. A preliminary comparison of speech rate, self-evaluation, and disfluency of people who speak exceptionally fast, clutter, or speak normally. The best-known study demonstrating inattentional blindness is the Invisible Gorilla Test, conducted by Daniel Simons of the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign and Christopher Chabris of Harvard University. https://doi.org/10.15027/36895, Wagovich, S., & Anderson, J. However, as they learn to reduce reactivity (see below), they develop greater comfort while speaking, they assume more positive attitudes about their ability to communicate, and they are better able to accept and manage moments of disfluency as they occur. Here are key guidelines to developing your title page: In a hurry? Evaluation of speech-related attitude by means of the KiddyCAT, CAT, and BigCAT, within a larger behavior assessment battery framework for children and adults who stutter. Review of previous fluency evaluations and educational records. ), Cluttering: Research, intervention and education (pp. Multifactorial causes of posterior shoulder instability. Wiig, E. H., & Semel, E. M. (1984). A posterior bone-block operation has been used in patients with a deficiency of the posterior wall of the glenoid or with attenuation of the posterior capsule. So do these two things, taste just a small bit as soon as you can post climax. Level II evidence suggests that recurrence is lower with surgical vs. conservative management. Plural. Allyn & Bacon. [60] Irrelevant marketing makes it more likely for consumers to ignore initiatives that aim at capturing their attention. (2010). To update your cookie settings, please visit the, Introduction to Implant Dentistry: A Student Guide, Craniomaxillofacial deformities / sleep disorders / cosmetic surgery. Board Certified Specialists in Fluency are individuals who hold ASHA certification and have demonstrated advanced knowledge and clinical expertise in diagnosing and treating individuals with fluency disorders. Overall, these indicators demonstrate progression from avoidance and negative impact to acceptance, openness, and increased socialization (V. M. Sheehan & Sisskin, 2001). Best practice for developmental stuttering: Balancing evidence and expertise. Sure, tables, like the one above, can be visually appealing, but its the color, circles, arrows, boxes, or icons included that make a figure a figure.. Cognitive capture or, cognitive tunneling, is an inattentional blindness phenomenon in which the observer is too focused on instrumentation, task at hand, internal thought, etc. Do not include information about individuals or labels if it is not necessary. It applies protections to ensure that programs and employment environments are accessible and to provide aids and services necessary for effective communication in these settings. Covert stuttering. Student papers still need a page number included in the upper right-hand corner of every page. Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine, 5(2), 95102. Although there are a number of predisposing focators for PSI, their relative importance remains poorly understood. We think not! They may hesitate when speaking, use fillers (like or uh), or repeat a word or phrase. In both cases, the risk of a collision was three to six times higher compared to a sober driver not using a cell phone. Inattentional blindness is beneficial in the sense that it is a mechanism that has evolved with attention to help filter out irrelevant input, allowing only important information to reach consciousness. the individuals lived experiences with stuttering, the perceived impact of these experiences with stuttering, and. Inattentional blindness or perceptual blindness (rarely called inattentive blindness) occurs when an individual fails to perceive an unexpected stimulus in plain sight, purely as a result of a lack of attention rather than any vision defects or deficits. Typical adolescent experiences of emotional reactivity, resistance to authority, and social awkwardness may be exacerbated in adolescents who also experience stuttering (Daly et al., 1995; Zebrowski, 2002). Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) play a central role in the screening, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of fluency disorders. APA style is one of the most commonly used citation styles used to prevent plagiarism. Persons who clutter can experience the same affective, behavioral, and cognitive reactions as those with stuttering, including communication avoidance, anxiety, and negative attitudes toward communication (Scaler Scott & St. Louis, 2011). Individuals who clutter may exhibit more errors related to reduced speech intelligibility secondary to rapid rate of speech. Whenever this has occurred, it has not resulted in any improved conditionTherefore all former rules, regulations and policies relating to the sexual activities of Scientologists are cancelled. In this guide, youll find information related to What is APA format? in relation to writing and organizing your paper according to the American Psychological Associations standards. 1008;36:693-699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2004.12.001, Plexico, L. W., Manning, W. H., & DiLollo, A. The speaker is thought to be talking at a rate that is too fast for their system to handle, resulting in breakdowns in fluency and/or intelligibility (Bakker et al., 2011). Stuttering is often more severe when there is increased pressure to communicate (e.g., competing for talk time, giving a report at school, talking on the telephone/during a video chat, or interviewing for a job). It includes information on how to conceptualize, outline, and format the basic structure of your paper, as well as practical tips on spelling, abbreviation, punctuation, and more. ), Cluttering: A clinical perspective (pp. Referring the individual to other professionals to rule out other conditions and facilitate access to comprehensive services. [28] In essence, inattentional amnesia refers to the failure in creating a lasting explicit memory: by the time a subject is asked to recall seeing an item, their memory for the stimulus has vanished. Neural network connectivity differences in children who stutter. Additionally, perceived web quality, which encompasses visual design, has a positive relationship with both initial and continued consumer purchase intention. In inattentional blindness experiments, participants fail to identify some stimulus in a single display, a phenomenon that doesn't rely on memory the way change blindness does. Use concise, brief, informative language. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-3067, Ribbler, N. (2006). An expert knows what to expect when certain situations arise. The American Psychological Association strongly objects to any bias towards gender, racial groups, ages of individuals or subjects, disabilities, and sexual orientation (pp. Hubbard's views on homosexuality were further explained in a 1972 book by Scientologist Ruth Minshull, How To Choose Your People, which was published through the Church of Scientology, copyrighted to Hubbard, and given "issue authority" by the Scientology hierarchy. The introduction presents the problem and premise upon which the research was based. Tables are pretty easy to whip up on Google Docs or Microsoft Word. [18], An official Scientology website states, "The second dynamic is the urge toward existence as a future generation. This section of our guide focuses on proper paper length, how to format headings, spacing, and more! As above, once youve had some, eating more becomes more palatable. Freezing is similar to tallying but has the client/clinician stop, freeze, during a moment of stuttering to perform a self-scan. The audio recordings used to manipulate mindful states in this experiment are freely available online. Temperamental characteristics of young children who stutter. Because self-report questionnaires are often reliant on introspection and honesty, it is difficult to confidently rely on self-report questionnaires to make important decisions. Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders, 4(6), 13161326. Enlisting the help of a person familiar with the language and rating fluency in short speech intervals also may help to accurately and reliably judge unambiguous stuttering (Shenker, 2011). 297325). In L. Cummings (Ed. Scientology churches sold the book alongside the works of Hubbard until 1983. The participants were children with an average age of 7.7 years. Gibson et al. Students who improve their attitudes toward stuttering tend to maintain these views years later (St. Louis & Flynn, 2018). Journal of Fluency Disorders, 33(2), 8198. Person- and family-centered practice is a collaborative approach that fosters an alliance-style partnership among individuals, families, and clinicians. As is the case with any communication disorder, language differences and family/individual values and preferences are taken into consideration during assessment. Below is a list of approaches commonly used with school-age children, adolescents, and adults who stutter. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(1), 321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.12.001, Beilby, J. M., Byrnes, M. L., & Yaruss, J. S. (2012a). However, the Church disputes this, with Davis stating, "Church of Scientology San Diego had been put on a list of churches that supported Proposition 8 out in California. 7). Try it out and unlock the magic of an edited paper. Right here, on EasyBib.com. A study of pragmatic skills of clutterers and normal speakers. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 36(3), 186193. Measuring lexical diversity in children who stutter: Application of vocd. Assessment of stigma associated with stuttering: Development and evaluation of the Self-Stigma of Stuttering Scale (4S). People tend to notice items if they capture their attention in some way. altering the size of the group or audience. Psychology Press. (1999). It has two compartments: sex; and the family unit, including the rearing of children. A jury later convicted Officer Conley of perjury and obstruction of justice, believing he had seen the fight and lied about it to protect fellow officers, yet he stood by his word that he had, in fact, not seen it.[37][38][39]. The model describes the following stages of behavioral change: See Manning and DiLollo (2018) and Floyd et al. 328). Heart Rhythm Case Reports (Open Access) publishes case reports, images, and educational vignettes in the field of cardiac arrhythmias and electrophysiology. School-age stuttering therapy: A practical guide. Referral to another helping professional should be made if a condition or situation falls outside of the SLPs scope of practice. Effective counseling is important for encouraging individuals with a fluency disorder to share information in the affective, cognitive, and social domains. This change resulted primarily from a shift in paradigms used to study inattentional blindness which revealed new aspects of the phenomenon. In D. Ward & K. Scaler Scott (Eds. The skilled helper: A problem-management and opportunity-development approach to helping. Engle RP, Canner GC. Home / Guides / Citation Guides / APA Format. However, the clinician needs to consider the impact of disfluency on communication and quality of life as a whole. It is not appropriate to determine a standard score if the norming sample of the assessment is not representative of the individual being assessed. For example, in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study by Rees and colleagues, brain activity was recorded while participants completed a perceptual task. Research experiments and observations rely on the creation and analysis of data to test hypotheses and come to conclusions. Bray, M. A., Kehle, T. J., Lawless, K., & Theodore, L. (2003). The closed-head injury (CHI) mouse model for TBI produces cognitive deficits comparable to those observed after concussive injuries in humans, such as working memory dysfunction ().A type of working memory, known as short-term memory, is dependent on multiple cortical regions, including prefrontal and parietal cortex (810).All types of memory (including (2003). . Information on how to cite sources can be found on our APA citation page. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2009.09.002, Millard, S. K., Nicholas, A., & Cook, F. M. (2008). Add a title under the number. Microtrauma is an important factor in the development of instability due to the repetitive shearing forces and loads to the posterior shoulder in the flexed, adducted, and interally rotated position. Adapted from Robinson et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2019.03.007, Fry, J., Millard, S., & Botterill, W. (2014). how to turn on an appliance) to complex issues in business and technical fields. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 20(3), 163179. For verbs in scientific papers, the APA manual recommends using: If this is all a bit much, and youre simply looking for help with your references, try the EasyBib.com APA format generator. He considered such people to be "skulking coward[s] who yet contain enough perfidious energy to strike back, but not enough courage ever to give warning. The differences between disfluencies stemming from reduced language proficiency and stuttering are evident in lack of awareness, struggle, tension, blocking, and lack of self-concept as a person who stutter, which are not seen in typical second language learning profiles (Byrd, 2018). Brain, 138(3), 694711. [42], One experiment displayed how cell phones contributed to inattentional blindness in basic tasks such as walking. Individuals with disfluencies are seen in all of the typical speech-language pathology service settings, including private practices, university clinics, hospitals, and schools. Nurturing a resilient mindset in school-aged children who stutter. As stated above, in APA format, you shouldnt have the information typed out in your paper and also have a table showing the same exact information. Avoidance Reduction Therapy for Stuttering (ARTS). I ran out of cheese and bread the other day while making sandwiches and now Im out so I need to go to the store), and/or. The rate of this phenomenon can be impacted by a number of factors. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 19. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Alm, 2011). In this level is the slime of society, the sex criminals, the political subversives, the people whose apparently rational activities are yet but the devious writhings of secret hate. In this case, selection of relevant information is done after full processing of all stimuli.[20]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2014.12.003. The subjects chose between cold, room temperature, or warm water. Fluency shaping with young stutterers. Experts in the field of cluttering have consistently estimated that approximately one third of children and adults who stutter also present with at least some components of cluttering (Daly, 1986; Preus, 1981; Ward, 2006). In E. G. Conture & R. F. Curlee (Eds. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Simply Put: JOMS INFORMATION FOR PATIENTS, We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. (2011). recognize physical concomitant behaviors, locate the point of physical tension and struggle during moments of disfluency, and. (2014). Time and expense are considerations along with attention to generalization and treatment needs following an intensive program (Cooper, 1979). https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2003/070), Arenas, R. M., Walker, E. A., & Oleson, J. J. United States Department of Labor. If it sounds too good to be true, then head on over to our innovative tool and give it a whirl. Examples APA format: If youre including plurals, do not include an apostrophe! Too many and youre left with a paper littered with capital letters mashed together. The guide concludes with a complete sample paper as well as a final checklist that writers can use to prepare their work for submission. Sexual perversion, a category in which he included homosexuality, was termed "covert hostility" and given a score of 1.1, "the level of the pervert, the hypocrite, the turncoat, the subversive." Finding the good in the challenge: Benefit finding among adults who stutter. Egan, G. (2013). [34][35], The basic Simons and Chabris study was reused on British television as a public safety advert designed to point out the potential dangers to cyclists caused by inattentional blindness in motorists. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1382151, Chang, S.-E., Garnett, E. O., Etchell, A., & Chow, H. M. (2019). Hearne, A., Packman, A., Onslow, M., & Quine, S. (2008). Dosage depends largely on the nature of the treatment (e.g., direct, indirect), age group, and the task level (e.g., learning basic skills requires more clinic room practice than does generalization). Children with persistent stuttering showed deficiencies in left gray matter volume with reduced white matter integrity in the left hemisphere. The clinical applications of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy with clients who stutter. Seminars in Speech and Language, 23(3), 181186. If you choose to include an image of a person you know, it would be respectful if you ask their permission before automatically including their photo in your paper. The 7th edition of the Publication Manual is in full color and includes 12 sections (compared to 8 sections in the 6th edition). If you cite something in the text, it must have a full reference on the final page of the project. (2018). Emotional problems and parenting style do not cause stuttering. The jerk test is useful in predicting the success & prognosis for nonoperative treatment of posteroinferior shoulder instability. For an accurate evaluation, it is ideal to collect samples of speech across various situations and tasks, both inside and outside the clinical setting (Yaruss, 1997). Environmental factors include family dynamics, fast-paced lifestyle, and stress and anxiety (J. D. Anderson et al., 2003). In D. Ward & K. Scaler Scott (Eds. Although the bulk of inattentional blindness research has been conducted in laboratory studies, the phenomenon occurs in a variety of everyday contexts. In APA formatting, use numerals if you are: Use numbers written out as words if you are: Other APA formatting number rules to keep in mind: Additional number rules can be found in the publication manual (p. 178). "Inattentional amnesia". Draw conclusions and support how your data led to these conclusions. An explanation for this phenomenon is that observers see the critical object in their visual field but fail to process it extensively enough to retain it. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2010.12.003. Indicators of positive therapeutic change may include. Am J Sports Med. You may want to look for Header in the features. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1667161, Byrd, C. T., Chmela, K., Coleman, C., Weidner, M., Kelly, E., Reichhardt, R., & Irani, F. (2016). These are called typical disfluencies or nonfluencies. Running heads are required for professional papers (e.g., manuscripts submitted for publication). The title should be centered in the middle of the page, Use uppercase and lowercase letters where necessary (called title capitalization), Place this heading against the left margin, Use uppercase and lowercase letters where necessary, Place this heading against the left side margin. Scientology and its perspectives on sexual orientation are based on the writings of L. Ron Hubbard, the founder of the Church of Scientology. In D. Ward & K. Scaler Scott (Eds. It is possible that observers are not even able to identify that the stimuli they are seeing are coherent objects. Appropriate roles for SLPs include the following: As indicated in the ASHA Code of Ethics (ASHA, 2016a), SLPs who serve this population should be specifically educated and appropriately trained to do so. All approaches should include a plan for generalization and maintenance of skills involved in activities of daily living. Cumulative incidence estimates of stuttering in children range from 5% to 8% (Mnsson, 2000; Yairi & Ambrose, 2013). Minshull claimed they were social misfits: Homosexuals don't practice love; 1.1s can't. As children who stutter get older, they may become adept at word and situational avoidances that result in a low frequency of overt stuttering. An APA format abstract (p. 38) is a summary of a scholarly article or scientific study. Another experiment was conducted by Steven Most, along with Daniel Simons, Christopher Chabris and Brian Scholl. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2007.03.001, Flynn, T. W., & St. Louis, K. O. Clinicians need to understand the interaction of symptoms and the strategies that are most effective for dealing with stuttering and cluttering when they occur together. St. Louis, K. O., & Rustin, L. (1996). . Impact of stuttering severity on adolescents domain-specific and general self-esteem through cognitive and emotional mediating processes. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46(5), 12211233. Fluency Disorders (Practice Portal). When referring to someones racial or ethnic identity, use the census category terms and capitalize the first letter. However, these disfluencies are typical and not indicative of a disorder (Shenker, 2013). Assessment of the impact of stuttering or clutteringincluding assessment of the emotional, cognitive, and attitudinal impact of disfluency. 255279). In addition to being used for improving communication skills, pausing is also an effective method of rate control. Say something along the lines of, Table 1 displays the amount of money used towards fighting Malaria. Or, Stomach cancer rates are displayed in Table 4.. Prior to using an unfamiliar abbreviation, you must type it out in text and place the abbreviation immediately following it in parentheses. Defining posterior shoulder instability (PSI) is therefore difficult, not only defining it within this continuum but differentiating it from other shoulder pathologies. Bonus: heres a link to more about the fundamentals related to this particular style. Intervention procedures for the young stutterer. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 49, 1328. As you go about your day, you may barely notice that you are frequently multitasking. Shock, 2. [36], In 1995, Officer Kenny Conley was chasing a shooting suspect. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 43, 116. In a 2015 study,[6] Cary Stothart, Walter Boot, and Daniel Simons attempted to replicate and extend the findings from both Graham and Burke's 2011 study and Steven Most and colleague's 2000 study[51] on Amazon Mechanical Turk using a sample of 515 participants that varied in age. Merrill. The Journal of Arthroplasty brings together the clinical and scientific foundations for joint replacement.This peer-reviewed journal publishes original research and manuscripts of the highest quality from all areas relating to joint replacement or the treatment of its complications, including those dealing with clinical series and experience, prosthetic design, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2010.04.003, Wagovich, S., & Hall, N. (2017). Cooper, E. B. 1995; 23: 1-6. Stuttering severity may vary dramatically by speaking situation. reports changing conception of stuttering from exclusively negative to having positive features. Scaler Scott, K., & St. Louis, K. O. Middle initial. [4] Also, patients with PSI may test positive for subacromial impingement because the tests place the shoulder in positions that can be painful for both diagnoses. Preliminary evidence that growth in productive language differentiates childhood stuttering persistence and recovery.
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