[81], A bibliography of List's published books is provided in Goodrick-Clarke's study The Occult Roots of Nazism. In his books and lectures List invited true Germans to behold the clearly discernible remains of a wonderful theocratic Ario-German state, wisely governed by priest-kings and gnostic initiates, in the archaeology, folklore, and landscape of his homeland. A brief treatment of the Middle Ages follows. Middle Ages, the period in European history from the collapse of Roman civilization in the 5th century ce to the period of the Renaissance (variously interpreted as beginning in the 13th, 14th, or 15th century, depending on the region of Europe and other factors). The Protestant Reformation generated large quantities of polemical new writing by and within both the Catholic and Protestant camps, and religious subject-matter was typically the area most subject to control. [50] The 1758 edition of the Index removed the general prohibition of works advocating heliocentrism as a fact rather than a hypothesis. [citation needed], The Index was enforceable within the Papal States, but elsewhere only if adopted by the civil powers, as happened in several Italian states. It goes further than romanisation, which is the transliteration of a word to the Latin While governments and church encouraged printing in many ways, which allowed the dissemination of Bibles and government information, works of dissent and criticism could also circulate rapidly. [1] In addition to being the head of the Holy Roman Church, the Pope became one of Italy's most powerful secular rulers, signing treaties with other sovereigns and fighting wars. [38] Among the significant listed works of the period was the Nazi philosopher Alfred Rosenberg's Myth of the Twentieth Century for scorning and rejecting "all dogmas of the Catholic Church, indeed the very fundamentals of the Christian religion".[35]. In practice, the two institutions were constantly sparring, disagreeing, or openly warring with each other. Luthers unsparing attacks upon the moral, financial, and administrative abuses of the church were initially prompted by the sale of indulgences in Germany by the Dominican friar Johann Tetzel. [27] Immediately after the Ottoman withdraw, Ferdinand reoccupied devastated territory in Austria and Hungary. [12] He also authored two further novels during the 1890s, both of which were historical romances set in Iron Age Germany. Although Boniface VIIIs extravagant claims for the political authority of the church and the papacy were undermined by the Babylonian Captivity and the subsequent schism, by the mid-15th century the papacy had recovered and triumphed over the conciliar movement. [31], List believed that the degradation of modern Western society was as a result of a conspiracy orchestrated by a secret organisation known as the Great International Party,[60] an idea influenced by anti-semitic conspiracy theories. [8] List soon abandoned the leather goods business that he inherited, intent on devoting himself to literary endeavours as a journalist, even if this meant a significant reduction in his income. As in most of the rest of northern Europe, England saw little of these developments until more than a century later. On 7 December 1965, Pope Paul VI issued the Motu Proprio Integrae servandae that reorganized the Holy Office as the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. The designation "Renaissance philosophy" is used by scholars of intellectual history to refer to the thought of the period running in Europe roughly between 1400 and 1600 Humanists also encouraged the study of Aristotle and other writers of antiquity in the original. [43], In the 1890s, List initially devised the idea that ancient German society had been led by a hierarchical system of initiates, the Armanenschaft, an idea which had developed into a key part of his thinking by 1908. [2] Before the Western Schism the papacy derived much of its revenue from the "vigorous exercise of its spiritual office;" however, during the Renaissance, popes were largely dependent on financial revenue from the Papal States themselves. In a letter of 31 January 1985 to Cardinal Giuseppe Siri, regarding the book The Poem of the Man-God, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (then Prefect of the Congregation, who later became Pope Benedict XVI), referred to the 1966 notification of the Congregation as follows: "After the dissolution of the Index, when some people thought the printing and distribution of the work was permitted, people were reminded again in L'Osservatore Romano (15 June 1966) that, as was published in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis (1966), the Index retains its moral force despite its dissolution. [57] [2] Guido's mother, Marian List, was the daughter of builder's merchant Franz Anton Killian. [25] One of the most significant phenomena of the 20th century was the dramatic expansion and extension of public (i.e., government-sponsored) education systems around the worldthe number of schools grew, as did the number of children attending them. Guido Karl Anton List was born on 5 October 1848 in Vienna, then part of the Austrian Empire. The Index, it said, retains its moral force "inasmuch as" (quatenus) it teaches the conscience of Christians to beware, as required by the natural law itself, of writings that can endanger faith and morals, but it (the Index of Forbidden Books) no longer has the force of ecclesiastical law with the associated censures.[47]. [12] He also worked as a playwright, and in December 1894 his play Der Wala Erweckung ("The Wala's Awakening") was premiered at an event organised by the Bund der Germanen (Germanic League) which was devoted to the German nationalist cause, with Jews being explicitly banned from attending the event. This 20th[36] edition contained 4,000 titles censored for various reasons: heresy, moral deficiency, sexual explicitness, and so on. The "ghost" may appear of its own accord or be summoned by magic.Linked to the ghost is the idea of a "haunting", where a supernatural entity is tied to a place, object or person. Intel's Autonomous Unit Mobileye Files U.S. IPO, Defying Weak Market Conditions. humanism, system of education and mode of inquiry that originated in northern Italy during the 13th and 14th centuries and later spread through continental Europe and England. As a Catholic priest, he was an important figure in classical scholarship who wrote in a pure Latin The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England from the early 16th century to the early 17th century. Erasmus of Rotterdam. [24] Further individuals notably Rudolf John Gorsleben, Werner von Blow, Friedrich Bernhard Marby, Herbert Reichstein, and Frodi Ingolfson Werhmann took List's Ariosophical ideas alongside those of Liebenfels and built upon them further, resulting in a flourishing Ariosophical movement in the late 1920s and 1930s, with some of these individuals being within the coterie of prominent Nazi Heinrich Himmler and influencing the symbolism and rituals of the SS. Romanesque art was the first of two great international artistic eras that flourished in Europe during the Middle Ages. [52][53][54][55] Other women include Anne Askew,[56] Olympia Fulvia Morata, Ursula of Munsterberg (14911534), Veronica Franco, and Paola Antonia Negri (15081555). [11] In 1891, List anthologised many of the magazine articles that he had written over the previous decades in his book Deutsch-Mythologische Landschaftsbilder ("German Mythological Landscape Scenes"), extracts of which were then published in the Ostdeutsche Rundschau. Books: A Living History. movement, List decried the growing influence of linguistically Slavic communities within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In Western Europe, the first work to use the term polymathy in its title (De Polymathia tractatio: integri operis de [6], With ambitious temporal agendas ranging from military campaigns to the arts, Renaissance popes widened the scope of their sources of revenue. The Middle Ages therefore present the confusing and often contradictory picture of a society attempting to structure itself politically on a spiritual basis. Les bahis (1560) The term and its conventional meaning were introduced by Italian humanists with invidious intent. [55] He bemoaned the decline of the rural peasantry through urbanisation, having witnessed how Vienna's population tripled between 1870 and 1890, resulting in overcrowding, a growth in diseases like tuberculosis, and a severe strain on the city's resources. [27] An obituary of List authored by Berlin journalist Philipp Stauff then appeared in the Mnchener Beobachter. Ghost stories are commonly examples of ghostlore. The period is known for the initial development of the broader Renaissance culture that spread across Europe and marked the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity.Proponents of a "long Renaissance" argue that it started around the Rather than starting from the early 14th-century ars nova, the Trecento music was treated by musicology as a coda to Medieval music and the new era dated from the rise of triadic harmony and the spread Yet these negative reactions to Protestantism were not by any means the onlyperhaps not even the primaryform of participation by Roman Catholicism in the history of the Reformation. [75] Thorsson was responsible for translating a number of List's works into English, alongside those of other vlkisch mystics like Siegfried Adolf Kummer. [60], Books prohibited by the Catholic Church (16th20th centuries), This article is about the real-world publication. The blacklisting of some Protestant scholars even when writing on subjects a modern reader would consider outside the realm of dogma meant that, unless they obtained a dispensation, obedient Catholic thinkers were denied access to works including: botanist Conrad Gesner's Historiae animalium; the botanical works of Otto Brunfels; those of the medical scholar Janus Cornarius; to Christoph Hegendorff or Johann Oldendorp on the theory of law; Protestant geographers and cosmographers like Jacob Ziegler or Sebastian Mnster; as well as anything by Protestant theologians like Martin Luther, John Calvin or Philipp Melanchthon. Know about the power struggle between Pope Gregory and King Henry IV of Germany and King Henry IV's walk to Canossa, Learn how religion and superstitious beliefs ruled the lives of people in the Middle Ages, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Middle-Ages. 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