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20452 (Apr. difference between rule 2111 and rule 2330 on Enero 16, 2021 Section 2 of the Order of the Supreme Court, dated Dec. 4, 1967, provided: "That the foregoing rules shall take effect on 333 (2010). Firms must attempt to obtain and analyze relevant customer-specific information. However, as explained in FAQ [1.2], the rule would not cover an implicit recommendation to hold. 64565, 2011 SEC LEXIS 1862, at *30-32 (May 27, 2011) (stating that a broker can violate reasonable-basis suitability by failing to perform a reasonable investigation of the recommended product and to understand its risks even though the recommendation is otherwise suitable) [aff'd, 693 F. 3d 251 (1st Cir. The rule expands the definition of what is a recommendation to include investment strategies and also expands the amount of information to be collected for each recommendation. The rule states that it applies to explicit recommendations to hold. A broker who recommended new issues being pushed by his firm so that he could keep his job. 42 The rule would apply, for instance, to a registered representative's recommendation to a customer to purchase shares of high dividend companies even though the registered representative does not mention a particular high dividend company. No. As to an institutional customer's affirmative indication that it intends to exercise independent judgment (a new requirement), Rule 2111.07 states that "an institutional customer may indicate that it is exercising independent judgment on a trade-by-trade basis, on an asset-class-by-asset-class basis, or in terms of all potential transactions for its account." Rule 2111 would cover a recommendation to purchase securities using margin or liquefied home equity or to engage in day trading, irrespective of whether the As with many obligations under various rules, a firm will need to make some judgment calls on the types of recommendations that it should document under FINRA's suitability rule. In general, the focus remains on whether the recommendation was suitable at the time when it was made. Rule 2111 states that the term "investment strategy" is to be interpreted "broadly. 149, 153 & 156-157, 2003 SEC LEXIS 566, at *7-8 & *13 (2003) (discussing speculative nature of the security of "a start-up company whose business consisted of manufacturing and selling a single product" that was "new and had no established or tested market" and emphasizing the risks associated with overly concentrated securities positions); Larry I. Klein, 52 S.E.C. Q9.3. See, e.g., SEA Rule 17a-3(a)(17)(i)(A) (discussing "books and records" requirements for certain account information, including, among other things, date of birth, employment status, annual income, net worth and investment objectives, regarding an account with a natural person as a customer). [Broker-dealers] have different business models; offer divergent services, products and investment strategies; and employ distinct approaches to complying with applicable regulatory requirements. Firms and brokers may want to consult those Regulatory Notices87 and cases88 when considering the types of recommended securities and investment strategies involving securities that they should document. A turnover rate greater than six creates a presumption that the trading was excessive. 1985). The rule thus explicitly permits a suitability analysis to be performed within the context of a customer's other investments. See also [Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change to Adopt FINRA Rules 2090 (Know Your Customer) and 2111 (Suitability), 75 Fed. 52 Specifically, the rule at 339-40 n.14, 1999 SEC LEXIS 1754, at *17 n.14. 72 Epstein, 2009 SEC LEXIS 217, at *72; see also Sathianathan, 2006 SEC LEXIS 2572, at *23. Rule 2111 is composed of three main obligations: reasonable-basis suitability, customer-specific suitability, and quantitative suitability. (a) The reasonable-basis obligation requires a member or associated person to have a reasonable basis to believe, based on reasonable diligence, that the recommendation is suitable for at least some investors. What could be considered a "safe-harbor" provision in Supplementary Material .03 is limited in scope. [Broker-dealers or registered representatives] should consider not only whether the recommended investments are suitable, but also whether the strategy of investing liquefied home equity in securities is suitable." A hold recommendation involving shares of a blue chip stock ordinarily would not present the type of risk, absent unusual facts, that would require a detailed analysis or documentation. Q3.2. [Notice 12-55 (FAQ 7)]. 58 That is true under case law addressing the predecessor suitability rule as well. A3.7. 62 See FINRA Rule 2111.05(a). at 340, 1999 SEC LEXIS 1754, at *18. For example, the recommendation of a large-cap, value-oriented equity security generally would not require written documentation as to the recommendation. The rule, however, would not cover an implicit recommendation to hold.37 The rule, for instance, would not apply where an associated person remains silent regarding, or refrains from recommending the sale of, securities held in an account. A3.12. 47 See Notice to Members 05-50, at 5 ("[R]ecommendations to liquidate or surrender a registered security such as a mutual fund, variable annuity, or variable life contract must be suitable, including where such liquidations or surrender[s] are for the purpose of funding the purchase of an unregistered [equity indexed annuity]."). What is the difference between Rule 2111 and Rule 2330? Can a customer with multiple accounts at a single firm have different investment profiles or investment-profile factors (e.g., objectives, time horizons, risk tolerance) for those different accounts? FINRA also emphasizes that broker-dealers are not required to use such certificates to comply with the new institutional-customer exemption. In this regard, firms should note that, as an allocation recommendation becomes narrower or more specific, the recommendation gets closer to becoming a recommendation of particular securities and, thus, subject to the suitability rule, depending on a variety of factors (including the number of issuers that fall within the broker-dealer's allocation recommendation).55 Accordingly, broker-dealers should assess whether allocation recommendations involving certain types of sub-categories of broader market sectors or even more limited groupings are so specific or narrow that they constitute recommendations of particular securities.56, Q4.8. 96 See also supra note [48] and discussion therein. denied, 130 S.Ct. Finally, the rule provides a modified institutional-customer exemption. Notice to Members 04-89, at 3. 40 See id. 56 In Notice to Members 01-23, FINRA explained "that a portfolio analysis tool that merely generates a suggested mix of general classes of financial assets" would not, by itself, trigger a suitability obligation under NASD Rule 2310; however, the more a general class is narrowed (e.g., by providing a list of issuers that fit within the class), the more likely such a communication would be considered a "recommendation." Some customers may be reluctant to provide certain types of information to their broker-dealers. LEXIS 22 (Mar. 45402, 2002 SEC LEXIS 284, at *20-21 & n.10 (Feb. 6, 2002) (holding that the defendant broker "controlled" the account because he essentially was a co-conspirator with the institutional customer's investment officer, who was authorized to place orders for the institutional customer's account). Q3.11. [Notice 12-25 (FAQ 24)]. 19 See FINRA Rule 2111.04 (explaining that a firm that decides not to seek to obtain and analyze information about a customer-specific factor must document its reasonable basis for believing that the factor is not a relevant consideration). Does the firm have a duty, for example, to ask its customers if there is anything else it should know about them when collecting information for suitability purposes? Firms do not have to document or individually approve every "hold" recommendation.91 As with recommendations of other types of investment strategies or of purchases, sales or exchanges of securities, firms may use a risk-based approach to documenting and supervising "hold" recommendations. The factors that must exist for an institutional customer to qualify for the exemption may, depending on the facts, negate some of the elements relevant to a showing of a broker's "control" over the account. "); F.J. Kaufman and Co., 50 S.E.C. If a customer is either generally not capable of evaluating investment risk or lacks sufficient capability to evaluate the particular product or investment strategy that is the subject of a recommendation, the scope of a broker's customer-specific obligations under the suitability rule would not be diminished by the fact that the broker was dealing with an institutional customer. New FAQs will be identified when added. The account record requirements in paragraph (a)(17)(i)(A) of the Rule apply only to accounts for which the broker or dealer is, or within the past 36 months has been, required to make a suitability determination. "); see also Jack H. Stein, 56 S.E.C. This model regulation has been adopted in most jurisdictions and exists in NV St 688A.450. 48 FINRA Rule 3270.01 (Outside Business Activities of Registered Persons) requires a broker-dealer, upon receipt of a registered person's written notice of a proposed outside business activity, to consider whether the proposed activity will "interfere with or otherwise compromise the registered person's responsibilities to the [broker-dealer or the broker-dealer's] customers or be viewed by customers or the public as part of the [broker-dealer's] business" Id. The new Rule 2111 incorporates the general concepts previously contained in NASD IM-2310-3 and provides that firms and brokers now will be deemed to have satisfied This standard recognizes that a supervisory system cannot guarantee firm-wide compliance with all laws and regulations. 331, 341 n.22, 1999 SEC LEXIS 1754, at *20 n.22 (1999) ("Transactions that were not specifically authorized by a client but were executed on the client's behalf are considered to have been implicitly recommended within the meaning of [FINRA's suitability rule]. A firm may use a risk-based approach to evidencing compliance with the suitability rule. The new suitability rule requires that a recommended investment strategy involving a security or securities must be suitable. In general, however, when there is an indication that the institutional customer is not capable of analyzing, or does not intend to exercise independent judgment regarding, all of a broker-dealer's recommendations, the broker-dealer necessarily will have to be more specific in its approach to ensuring that it complies with the exemption. Rule 2330 requires firms to have written policies and procedures in place for surveillance of brokers recommending, purchasing or exchanging of deferred variable annuities. 2 See, e.g., SEC Adoption of Rules Under Section 15(b)(10) of the Exchange Act, 32 Fed. Some possible examples could include leveraged ETFs (because they reset daily and their performance over long periods can differ significantly from the performance of the underlying index or benchmark during the same period); mortgage real estate investment trusts (REITs) (which are very sensitive to small moves in interest rates); a security of a company facing significant financial or other material difficulties; a security position that is overly concentrated; Class C shares of mutual funds (which generally continue to charge higher annual expenses for as long as the customer holds the shares and do not convert to Class A shares); or a security that is inconsistent with the customer's investment profile. 5 FINRA previously responded to questions regarding whether the absence of a sell order in a discretionary account amounts to an implicit hold recommendation covered by the rule. Some of the "Institutional Suitability Certificates" that are being marketed do not identify an institutional customer's experience with particular asset classes or types of securities or investment strategies involving a security or securities. [Notice 12-25 (FAQ 22)], A5.1. In many ways this rule is very similar to FINRA Rule 2330 which relates to variable annuity A3.9. [1] Weirdly, Rule 2330 does NOT explicitly cover recommendations involving a strategy, as Rule 2111 does. Some customers with long time horizons may not desire to take on such risk and others, because of considerations outside their time horizons, are unable to do so. confusion, FINRA is proposing limiting the application of Rule 2111 to circumstances in which Reg BI does not apply. Accordingly, a broker-dealer could choose to seek to obtain and analyze the customer-specific factors listed in Rule 2111 when it makes new recommendations to customers (regardless of whether they are new or existing customers).21, Q3.3. A broker-dealer "also must evaluate the proposed activity to determine whether the activity properly is characterized as an outside business activity or whether it should be treated as an outside securities activity subject to the requirement of NASD Rule 3040" (Private Securities Transactions of an Associated Person). Has FINRA endorsed or approved any of these certificates? In the context of a recommended investment strategy involving a security and an outside business activity, the broker-dealer's general understanding of the outside business activity would be based on the information and considerations required by FINRA Rule 3270.96. Rule 2111.03 excludes from the suitability rule's coverage various types of communications that are educational in nature even though they could be considered investment strategies involving securities. Cost-to-equity ratios as low as 8.7 have been considered indicative of excessive trading, and ratios above 12 generally are viewed as very strong evidence of excessive trading. File a complaint about fraud or unfair practices. The new rule does not change the longstanding application of the suitability rule on a recommendation-by-recommendation basis. Reg. Q4.6. In other cases, the institutional customer may have general capability, but may not be able to understand a particular type of instrument or its risk. A3.1. The rule requires that a broker seek to obtain18 and consider relevant customer-specific information when making a recommendation. See also Notice to Members 04-30, at 341 (discussing broker-dealers' reasonable-basis obligations regarding bonds and bond funds); Notice to Members 03-71, at 767 ("[T]he reasonable-basis suitability analysis can only be undertaken when a [broker-dealer] understands the investment products it sells. 88 See, e.g., Cody, 2011 SEC LEXIS 1862, at *36-40 (discussing non-investment grade securities); Wells Fargo Invs., LLC, AWC No. See Richard G. Cody, Exchange Act Rel. [Notice 11-25 (FAQ 4)]. Does the suitability rule apply when a broker-dealer or registered representative makes a recommendation to a potential investor? The absence of some customer information that is not material under the circumstances generally should not affect a firm's ability to make a recommendation. LEXIS 13, at *12 (NAC Aug. 9, 2004) ("[A] broker's recommendations must serve his client's best interests[,]" and the "test for whether a broker's recommendation[s are] suitable is not whether the client acquiesced in them, but whether the broker's recommendations were consistent with the client's financial situation and needs. 4, 1997 ("[T]he staff agrees that a reference to an investment company or an offer of investment company shares in an advertisement or piece of sales literature would not by itself constitute a 'recommendation' for purposes of [the suitability rule]."). 1990). Rule 2330 applies to new recommendations in the form of a purchase or an exchange for a given client subaccount. 58737, 2008 SEC LEXIS 2459 (Oct. 6, 2008), aff'd in relevant part, 592 F.3d 147 (D.C. Cir. 80 Compare FINRA Rules 2111(b) and 4512(c) with NASD IM-2310-3. Quantitative suitability requires a broker who has actual or de facto control63 over a customer account to have a reasonable basis for believing that, in light of the customer's investment profile, a series of recommended transactions, even if suitable when viewed in isolation, are not excessive and unsuitable for the customer.64 Factors such as turnover rate,65 cost-to-equity ratio,66 and use of in-and-out trading67 in a customer's account may provide a basis for finding that the activity at issue was excessive. 1 See, e.g., Regulatory Notice 11-02, at 2-3 (discussing FINRA's guiding principles that firms and brokers should consider when determining whether a particular communication could be considered a "recommendation" for purposes of the suitability rule); Regulatory Notice 10-06, at 3-4 (providing guidance on recommendations made on blogs and social networking websites); Notice to Members 01-23 (announcing the guiding principles and providing examples of communications that likely do and do not constitute recommendations); Michael F. Siegel, Exchange Act Rel. [Notice 11-25 (FAQ 10)]. However, where a broker-dealer's or registered representative's recommendation does not refer to a security or securities, the suitability rule is not applicable. A9.4. That is true regardless of whether the associated person previously recommended the purchase of the securities, the customer purchased them without a recommendation, or the customer transferred them into the account from another firm where the same or a different associated person had handled the account.38, Q4.2. Brokers cannot fulfill their suitability responsibilities to customers (including both their reasonable-basis and customer-specific obligations) when they fail to understand the securities and investment strategies they recommend. [Notice 12-55 (FAQ 10(b)]. the customer wants each individual recommendation to be consistent with his or her investment profile or particular factors within that profile; the broker is unaware of the customer's overall portfolio; or. FINRA's supervision rules do not dictate the exact manner in which a broker-dealer must supervise its registered representatives' recommendations of investment strategies involving a security and a non-security investment. 55988, 2007 SEC LEXIS 1407, at *21-23 (June 29, 2007) (describing the speculative nature of three low-priced securities at issue); Faber, 2004 SEC LEXIS 277, at *25 (discussing speculative nature of the security of a company that "had no revenues and had never showed any profits"); Jack H. Stein, 56 S.E.C. What is the FINRA Rule 2330? [Notice 12-25 (FAQ 1)]. 989, 995, 1998 SEC LEXIS 2437, at *13 (1998) (emphasizing, in an action involving viatical settlements, that Rule 2210 is "not limited to advertisements for securities, but provide[s] standards applicable to all [broker-dealer] communications with the public"). In all cases, the suitability rule applies to recommendations, but the extent to which a firm needs to evidence suitability generally depends on the complexity of the security or strategy in structure and performance and/or the risks involved. Firms seeking to rely on the provision should take a conservative approach to determining whether a particular communication is eligible for such treatment. The new rule does not apply to implicit recommendations to hold. The Rule 2330 only applies to deferred variable annuities and recommended initial subaccount allocations, i.e., to purchases and exchanges of deferred variable . 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