These could refer to individuals who were native Dacians, Romanized Dacians, colonists who had moved to Dacia, or their descendants. Michelson, Paul E. "Recent American historiography on Romania and the second world war", Trencsnyi, Balzs and Constantin Iordachi. Regiae Vniversitatis Vngaricae, 1831, Tams Kis, Magyar nyelvjrsok, Volumes 1821, Nyelvtudomnyi Intzet, Kossuth Lajos Tudomnyegyetem (University of Kossuth Lajos). ", literally translated as "One does not pass through here"). [371], Ion Iliescu, a former Communist Party official marginalized by Ceauescu, attained national recognition as the leader of an impromptu governing coalition, the National Salvation Front (FSN) that proclaimed the establishment of democracy and civil liberties on 22 December 1989. Many authors refer to him as "Duras-Diurpaneus". When Nero was overthrown in 69, the empire was plunged into turmoil in the Year of Four Emperors. According to Herodotus, Gebeleizis (*Zebeleizis/Gebeleizis who is only mentioned by Herodotus) is just another name of Zalmoxis.[202][131][203][204]. [80], The weapon most associated with the Dacian forces that fought against Trajan's army during his invasions of Dacia was the falx, a single-edged scythe-like weapon. [183] Hrushevskyi (1997) mentions that the earlier widespread view that these Carpathian tribes were Slavic has no basis. 175187. This distinction refers to the regions they occupied. ", Miscoiu, Sergiu. Recent scholars have argued that he is very likely to be identical to Cotiso, since "Cotiso[n]" is an easy transcription error for Coson. [40] At the beginning of the 2nd century BC (before 168 BC[41]), under the rule of king Rubobostes, a Dacian king in present-day Transylvania, the Dacians' power in the Carpathian basin increased after they defeated the Celts, who held power in the region since the Celtic invasion of Transylvania in the 4th century BC. She is Julie's sister. [citation needed] During this period, the Romanian lands experienced a slow disappearance of the feudalism and the distinguishing of some rulers like Vasile Lupu and Dimitrie Cantemir in Moldavia, Matei Basarab and Constantin Brncoveanu in Wallachia, and Gabriel Bethlen in Transylvania. [274][275], Due to Romania's unfavorable location between the Russian Empire and Kingdom of Bulgaria as well as King Carol I of Romania's German heritage, Romania had a secret treaty of alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary since 1883. Romania achieved at that time its greatest territorial extent (almost 300,000km2 (120,000sqmi)[319]). [131] In Greek and Latin, in the writings of Julius Caesar, Strabo, and Pliny the Elder, the people became known as 'the Dacians'. The same author Schtte in Our forefathers published by University Press, 1929 page 74 "The North Dacian tribes of the Koistobokoi and Karpoi unlike the rest of Dacia escaped the Roman conquest of AD 105", Wilhelm Tomachek (1883): Les restes de la langue dace published in Le Muson By Socit des lettres et des sciences, Louvain, Belgium, page 409, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMurray2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMountain1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFTaylor2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMacKendrick1975 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGoodmanSherwood2002 (. Who is Andy Fisher? Scorilo's brother was apparently held captive for a period in Rome, but was released in exchange for a promise that the Dacians would not intervene in Rome's volatile power-politics. Romanians made up 71.9% of the population and 28.1% of the population were ethnic minorities. The existence of a ritual that provides one with the ability to turn into a wolf. [85] On at least two occasions the Dacians rebelled against Roman authority: first in 117 AD, which caused the return of Trajan from the east,[86] and in 158 AD when they were put down by Marcus Statius Priscus. It is estimated that the population of Roman Dacia ranged from 650,000 to 1,200,000. [59], British musician Jez Lowe wrote the song "The Sea and the Deep Blue Devil" from the perspective of a Bevin Boy who loses his girlfriend to a Royal Navy recruit. The court heard how he had delusions that Frogson was trying to destroy him. The treaty was followed by a mandatory population exchange: about 110,000 Romanians (almost 95% of the total population of Romanians), Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians were forced to leave Southern Dobruja, whereas 77,000 Bulgarians had to leave Northern Dobruja. ", Dinu, Elena Stelua. According to writer Cicerone Ionioiu, there were hundreds of thousands of cases of abuse, death and torture against a large range of people from political opponents to ordinary citizens. [240], Many other small states with varying degrees of independence developed on the territory of today's Romania. Bardo, False Chronicle of a Handful of Truths, The Bastard Son & The Devil Himself: Season 1, Revolver Special Edition (Super Deluxe) [Box Set]. 020 8971 4337 Email Sam, Neil Wooding, Circulation & Marketing Manager The town is served by Shirebrook railway station, on the Who is Fred Rowley? [124] The words were shouted "in native parlance"[125] by a local soldier in 587 or 588. Each one of you, I am sure, is full of enthusiasm to win this war. [382] The PDSR won the largest number of seats in the Parliament, but was unable to form a viable coalition. This caused a deal of upset, as many young men wanted to join the fighting forces and felt that as miners they would not be valued. In several instances, the Romanian government violently repressed strikes and riots, notably the 1929 miners' strike in Valea Jiului and the strike in the Grivia railroad workshops. [44][45] For at least one and a half centuries, Sarmizegetusa was the Dacians' capital and reached its peak under King Decebalus. [173] The origin and ethnic affiliations of the Carpi have been debated over the years; in modern times they are closely associated with the Carpathian Mountains, and a good case has been made for attributing to the Carpi a distinct material culture, "a developed form of the Geto-Dacian La Tene culture", often known as the Poienesti culture, which is characteristic of this area. [356][357][358], Romania's leader from 1948 to his death in 1965 was Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, the First Secretary of the Romanian Workers' Party. King Cotiso chose to ally himself with Mark Antony. The National Liberal Party, dominant in the years immediately after World War I, became increasingly clientelist and nationalist, and in 1927 was supplanted in power by the National Peasants' Party. The invasion was ill-timed. Byzantion, vol. Greeks used the forms "Dakoi" (Strabo, Dio Cassius, and Dioscorides) and "Daoi" (singular Daos). Page 51, Volantini di guerra: la lingua romena in Italia nella propaganda del primo conflitto mondiale, Damian, 2012. In 1775, the Habsburgs later occupied the north-western part of Moldavia, which was later called Bukovina and was incorporated to the Austrian Empire in 1804. Esquire participates in various affiliate marketing programs, which means we may get paid commissions on editorially chosen products purchased through our links to retailer sites. He has appeared in Coronation Street, Hetty Feather, Rocket's Island, Poldark and more. The actor is perhaps best known for his role in 1996 British comedy-drama film Brassed Off as well as Channel 4 TV sitcom Drop the Dead Donkey. You'll recognise him from Coronation Street, in which he played Tony Stewart. The protest became ongoing mass demonstration known as the Golaniad. Hello, and welcome to Protocol Entertainment, your guide to the business of the gaming and media industries. -: , 2, , 1981. Someone who he knows from his past, who is killed on the streets he grew up in. Her relatives could prosecute the husband for squandering a dowry; wives gained some ability to leave an abusive marriage. Alban Dewes Winspear, Lenore Kramp Geweke, Translations and reprints from the original sources of history, Univ. Romania was proclaimed a people's republic[354][355] and remained under military and economic control of the Soviet Union until the late 1950s. [144][142][145][a][146][143] The form "Daoi" was frequently used according to Stephan of Byzantium. [4], At the start of World War II, the UK was highly dependent on coal, not only to power ships and trains, but as the main source of energy for electricity generation. On 20 January 1941, the Iron Guard attempted a coup, combined with a pogrom against the Jews of Bucharest. However, before the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, the elite of the Transylvanian Romanians did not support the concept of "Greater Romania", instead they wanted only equality with the other nations in Transylvania. [134], Mircea Eliade attempted, in his book From Zalmoxis to Genghis Khan, to give a mythological foundation to an alleged special relation between Dacians and the wolves:[155], The Carpi were a sizeable group of tribes, who lived beyond the north-eastern boundary of Roman Dacia. [95] Numerous Roman military diplomas issued for Dacian soldiers discovered after 1990 indicate that veterans preferred to return to their place of origin;[96] per usual Roman practice, these veterans were given Roman citizenship upon their discharge. 834835, Sanders Marble, Brill, 2016, King of Battle: Artillery in World War I, pp. He appeared in fantasy police series The Watch. [197] They practiced symbolic-ritual tattooing or body painting for both men and women, with hereditary symbols transmitted up to the fourth generation. He has appeared in Shameless, Our Girl, White House Farm and Poldark, among others. The barbarians, thus captured, turned upon one another, and Dapyx was killed along with many others. When news of the defeat reached Rome, the citizens became fearful that the conquering enemy would invade and spread destruction further into the Empire. The Allies wanted Romania to join their side in order to cut rail communications between Germany and Turkey, and to cut off Germany's oil supplies. Where have I seen Bill Jones before? The falx was able to inflict horrible wounds on opponents, easily disabling or killing the heavily armored Roman legionaries that they faced. He is best known for Downton Abbey. [20][21], From 1943 to 1945 one in ten of young men called up was sent to work in the mines. He may have been killed in the war. [217][218] It represents an early medieval archaeological culture which emerged in the region of the Lower Danube. [40] Ancient sources recorded the names of several Dacian high priests (Deceneus, Comosicus and Vezina) and various orders of priests: "god-worshipers", "smoke-walkers" and "founders". A magisterial state-of-the-nation piece Harpal Hayer and Lesley Manville in Sherwood. Another important deity was Bendis, goddess of the moon and the hunt. Rodgers escaped the police for 17 days before being found in the forest, while Boyer was captured shortly afterwards. New mines were opened and ore extraction intensified, while agriculture, stock breeding, and commerce flourished in the province. [citation needed] Following the war, Romanian lands came under Russian occupation under the governance of General Pavel Kiselyov until 1844. T he BBCs latest and let me say up top, one of its greatest drama series, Sherwood, opens with footage of the 1980s miners strike. But it should also last, enduring in our memories and set down in books about how to write, act and how best to conjure up a specific world and make it universal, how to show us what we are and how we got here. [127] He describes them as "more numerous than the Hungarians, but weaker". The coins bore the name "Coson" or "Koson" written in Greek lettering. [20] With the exception of those working in the south Wales coalfields, the conscripts could not work at the coalface until they had accrued four months' experience underground.[20]. [citation needed], Industrial relations were also poor: In the first half of 1942, there were several local strikes over wages across the country,[6][7] which also reduced output. The programme was named after Ernest Bevin, the Labour Party politician who was Minister of Labour and National Service in the wartime coalition government. [385][389], The then PNL leader, Clin Popescu-Triceanu was assigned the task of building a coalition government without the PSD. Herodotus, however, suspects that he was an indigenous Getan divinity (Herod.iv. [251], Michael the Brave (Romanian: Mihai Viteazul) was the Prince of Wallachia from 1593 to 1601, of Transylvania from 1599 to 1600, and of Moldavia in 1600. "[46], According to Appian, Mark Antony is responsible for the statement that Augustus sought to secure the goodwill of Cotiso, king of the Getae (Dacians) by giving him his daughter, and he himself marrying a daughter of Cotiso. Prior to the Soviet counteroffensive at Stalingrad, the Antonescu government considered a war with Hungary over Transylvania an inevitability after the expected victory over the Soviet Union. You can unsubscribe at any time. Out of these terrible events, Graham, as perhaps only a native albeit one blessed with his talent could, conjures a portrait as moving as it is convincing of a place steeped in historic grief and bitterness, full of personal enmities and festering wounds, but bound still by them all. [23] Those who refused to serve in the mines were imprisoned. [176] Scholars such as Tomaschek (1883), Shutte (1917) and Russu (1969) consider these Costobocian names to be Thraco-Dacian. It also led to the inclusion of sizable minorities, including Magyars (ethnic Hungarians), Germans, Jews, Ukrainians and Bulgariansabout 28% of the country's population. Taking advantage of FSN's tight control of the national radio and television, Iliescu won 85% of the vote. However, it became clear upon Carol's first re-encounter with his former wife, Elena, that he had no interest in a reconciliation with her, and Carol soon arranged for Magda Lupescu's return to his side. The Romanian offensive was initially successful and Romania managed to occupy 1/3rd of Transylvania, but when the German army arrived in Transylvania the Romanians began to be pushed back. It is on the B6407, and close to the A632 road, between Mansfield and Bolsover.. In AD 85, the Dacians had swarmed over the Danube and pillaged Moesia. Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa was the financial, religious, and legislative center and where the imperial procurator (finance officer) had his seat, while Apulum was Roman Dacia's military center. Over the way are the Fisher family, due to become more tightly bound to the main narrative next episode. He is Ian and Marks father and one of the striking miners. Her CV also includes No Offence, Kiri, Requiem and My Mad Fat Diary, among others. [121][122] The words "torna, torna fratre"[123] (return, return brother) recorded in connection with a Roman campaign across the Balkan Mountains by Theophylact Simocatta and Theophanes the Confessor evidence the development of a Romance language in the late 6th century. The main emigration targets have been Italy, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States and Hungary. [243] the defender of the Wallachian independence and of the European Christianity against Ottoman expansionism. [350], As the country declared war on Germany on the night of 23 August 1944, border clashes between Hungarian and Romanian troops erupted almost immediately. [10] These measures resulted in an increase in production in the second half of 1942,[11][12] although volumes were still short of the tonnage required. Instead, on 10 February 1938 King Carol II used the occasion of a public insult by Goga toward Lupescu as a reason to dismiss the government and institute a short-lived royal dictatorship, sanctioned seventeen days later by a new constitution under which the king named personally not only the prime minister but all the ministers. Ioana A. Oltean, Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization, Routledge, 7 Aug 2007, p49. The miners' strike of 19841985 was a major industrial action within the British coal industry in an attempt to prevent colliery closures. She has enjoyed an extensive career in film, TV and theatre. [9] In late summer, a bonus scheme was proposed to reward workers in mines that exceeded their output targets. [citation needed], On 12 October 1943 Gwilym Lloyd George, Minister of Fuel and Power, announced in the House of Commons that some conscripts would be directed to the mines. [170][171] This article covers the history and bibliography of Romania and links to specialized articles. Alun Armstrong plays Gary Jackson, a National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) stalwart in a village dominated by the Union of Democratic Mineworkers (UDM), who, lets say, took a softer stance on striking and the privatisation of the coal industry. Archeological evidence suggests that Gepids were disputing Transylvania with Taifals and Tervingians. [235][236] The "land of Romanians" (Terram Blacorum)[237][238][239][236] appeared in Fgra and this area was mentioned under the name "Olachi" in 1285. Interview 29 August 2019 with ex-Bevin Boy Kenneth Jones born 1926. Britain made loans, France sent a military training mission, and Russia promised modern munitions. [302], The Austro-Hungarian Romanian prisoners of war in the Russian Empire would eventually form the Romanian Volunteer Corps in Russia who would eventually be repatriated to Romania in 1917 and take part in the battles of Mrti, Mreti and Oituz[303][304] and the Romanian Legion in Siberia who resisted the Bolsheviks in cooperation with the Czechoslovak Legion and the White movement during the Russian Civil War, these units were ultimately repatriated to Greater Romania in 1920. [172] It should, and undoubtedly will, win awards for all concerned. A Country Study by the U.S. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress attributes this to a "morbid competition with Hungary to curry Hitler's favor [in hope of] regaining northern Transylvania."[334]. Get a list of the best movie and TV titles recently added (and coming What to Watch in November: 22 Notable TV Shows & Streaming Movies. [326][327], In Southern Dobruja, the Romanian census from 1930 counted 37% Bulgarians, 34% Turks and 20% Romanians. Selby is a market town and civil parish in the Selby District of North Yorkshire, England, 14 miles (22.5 km) south of York on the River Ouse, with a population at the 2011 census of 14,731.. Cetatea de Scaun. Like Finland, Romania had to pay $300 million to the Soviet Union as war reparations. Where have I seen Philip Jackson before? [citation needed][267] Austria-Hungary, especially under the Dual Monarchy of 1867, kept the territory firmly in control even in parts of Transylvania where Romanians constituted a vast majority. "Writing History in a Propaganda Institute: Political Power and Network Dynamics in Communist Romania" (Diss. [249], By 1541, the entire Balkan peninsula and northern Hungary became Ottoman provinces. ALL-SMILES: Ruben Rodrigues, right, celebrates with Macaulay Langstaff and, Inset, Langstaff enjoys another goal [283] The Romanian campaign plan (Hypothesis Z) consisted in attacking Austria-Hungary in Transylvania, while defending Southern Dobruja and Giurgiu from Bulgaria in the south.[284]. Conscripted miners came from many different trades and professions, from desk work to heavy manual labour, and included some who might otherwise have become commissioned officers. [292], The battles of Mrti, Mreti, and Oituz were the most important battle ever fought by the Romanian Army, as it managed to completely stop August von Mackensen's intended invasion of Moldavia. Alexander Ioan Cuza carried out reforms including abolishing serfdom and started to unite the institutions one by one in spite of the convention from Paris. The Oscar-nominated actress is known for the likes of Phantom Thread (as Cyril), Another Year, Maleficent, Life After Life, and more recently was cast as Princess Margaret in The Crown. Joining the Entente had large popular support. Being of military age and without uniform caused many to be stopped by police and questioned about avoiding call-up.[33]. Although the artist looked to models in Hellenistic art for some body types and compositions, he does not represent the Dacians as generic barbarians. A former miner and friend of Garys. During the First Bulgarian Empire, the Dridu culture developed in the beginning of the 8thcentury and flourished until the 11th century. More recently he has starred in the likes of Breeders and Year of the Rabbit, while is he also well known for his long-running role in New Tricks. [201] He was represented as a handsome man, sometimes with a beard. The Romanian expression Romnia Mare (Great or Greater Romania) refers to the Romanian state in the interwar period and to the territory Romania covered at the time. Where have I seen Don Gilet before? Forbes, Nevill, and Arnold J. Toynbee & D. Mitrany. Boyer hid in Sherwood Forest, and two weeks later returned to Frogsons house where his daughter and son-in-law were and set fire to it. His brother, however, Crassus took alive, and not only did him no harm but actually released him. [citation needed] In the Treaty of Bucharest of 1913, Romania gained Southern Dobruja and established the Durostor and Caliacra counties. Cinderella is dating the youngest member of the Sparrow family, Ronan. Who are Micky and Daphne Sparrow? [397], In 2014, Klaus Iohannis was elected as the President of Romania,[398] and he was re-elected by a landslide victory in 2019. [14], By October 1943, Britain was becoming desperate for a continued supply of coal, both for the industrial war effort and for keeping homes warm throughout the winter. [225][226][227], It is a subject of dispute whether elements of the mixed DacoRoman population survived in Transylvania through the Dark Ages to become the ancestors of modern Romanians or whether the first Vlachs and Romanians appeared in the area in the 13th century after a northward migration from the Balkan Peninsula. On 27 November, 64 former dignitaries or officials were executed by the Iron Guard in Jilava prison while awaiting trial (see Jilava Massacre). Who is Ronan Sparrow? Cicerone Ionioiu, Victimele terorii comuniste. In August 1916, Romania received an ultimatum to decide whether to join the Entente "now or never". He greatly extended the authority of the Securitate (secret police) and imposed a cult of personality, leading to a dramatic decrease in Ceauescu's popularity and culminating in his overthrow and execution in the bloody Romanian Revolution in December 1989. "As suspicion and antipathy build - both between lifelong neighbours and towards the police forces who descend on the town - the tragic killings threaten to inflame historic divisions sparked during the miners' strike three decades before," the official synopsis reads. Stephen the Great (Romanian: tefan cel Mare) is thought to be the best voivode of Moldavia. This theory became a point of reference for nationalists, as well as a catalyst for various Romanian forces to achieve a single Romanian state.[310]. [348], During the Moscow Conference in October 1944 Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, proposed an agreement to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin on how to split up Eastern Europe into spheres of influence after the war. Who is Dean Simmonds? [32], Bevin Boys did not wear uniforms or badges, but the oldest clothes they could find. To contain Hungarian irredentism, Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia established the Little Entente in 1921. The government initiated modest free market reforms. In April 1938, King Carol had Iron Guard leader Corneliu Zelea Codreanu (aka "The Captain") arrested and imprisoned. They soon numbered over 500,000. Its the cleverest, most compelling and most moving thing Ive seen in years. He refused to eat as he entered remand in Lincoln Prison in November 2004, and he died in February 2006 of bronchial pneumonia brought on by severe malnutrition. This policy appears to have coincided with the reign of King Scorilo. [375][378] Some of the counter-protesters attacked the headquarters and private residences of opposition leaders. [318] The union of Bucovina and Bessarabia with Romania was ratified in 1920 by the Treaty of Versailles. In AD 183, war broke out in Dacia: few details are available, but it appears two future contenders for the throne of emperor Commodus, Clodius Albinus and Pescennius Niger, both distinguished themselves in the campaign. "Probably the last thing he wants is to be is to be sent to Nottingham, which has memories and echoes of things past. They are a married couple who run a drug operation, which they conceal behind their taxi business and archery range. According to Cassius Dio, the story about the proposed marriages is hardly credible and may have been invented by Mark Antony as propaganda to offset his own alliance with Cleopatra. [339] Romanian jingoes in Odessa even distributed a geography showing that the Dacians had inhabited most of southern Russia. [210], After the disintegration of Great Bulgaria following Khan Kubrat's death in 665, a large group of Bulgars followed Asparukh, the third son of the great Khan, who headed westwards. 020 8971 4333 Email Matt, Call 020 8971 4333Email the Non League Newsdesk, ADVERTISING AND MARKETING [166] I felt grateful not to be putting my friends and neighbours through direct dramatisation., Of course, beyond the legacy of the spycops across Britain, the story has taken on extra relevance due to recent strike action by national railway staff. [91] The Vexillation Dacorum Parthica accompanied the emperor Septimius Severus during his Parthian expedition,[92] while the cohort I Ulpia Dacorum was posted to Cappadocia. [citation needed], In December 1991, a new constitution was drafted and subsequently adopted, after a popular referendum, which, however, attracted criticism from international observers. ", On 22 June 1941, German armies with Romanian support attacked the Soviet Union. At that time, Romania achieved its greatest territorial extent, almost 300,000km2 or 120,000sqmi[316]), including all of the historic Romanian lands.[317]. The Romanian First, Second (forming), and what little was left of the Third and the Fourth Armies (one corps) were under orders from the King to defend Romania against any German attacks. The BBCs latest and let me say up top, one of its greatest drama series, Sherwood, opens with footage of the 1980s miners strike. These lands were called by contemporary Byzantine historians Bulgaria across the Danube, or Transdanubian Bulgaria. Under the pressure of the ultimatum, the Romanian government agreed to enter the war on the side of the Entente, although the situation on the battle fronts was not favorable. [359] Between 60,000[360] and 80,000 political prisoners were detained. When Trajan turned his attention to Dacia, it had been on the Roman agenda since before the days of Julius Caesar[66][67] when a Roman army had been beaten at the Battle of Histria.[68]. [209] The Gepids,[210][211] the Avars, the Bulgars and their Slavic subjects[212] ruled Transylvania until the 8th century. Since a number of conscientious objectors were sent to work down the mines as an alternative to military service (under a system wholly separate from the Bevin Boy programme), there was sometimes an assumption that Bevin Boys were "Conchies". [citation needed], The 2000 election brought Iliescu's PDSR, known as Social Democratic Party (PSD) after the merger with the PSDR, back to power. These events were the murders of two people: Keith Frogson and Chanel Taylor. Helen St Clair is married to Ian St Clair and worked with Sarah Vincent. [124][126] The 11th-century Persian writer, Gardizi, wrote about a Christian people "from the Roman Empire" called N.n.d.r, inhabiting the lands along the Danube. Several major political parties of the pre-war era, the National Christian Democrat Peasant's Party (PN-CD), the National Liberal Party (PNL), and the Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSDR), were reconstituted. The new series Sherwood is set in an 80s Nottinghamshire community who are still dealing with the after-effects of the miners' strike. [citation needed], An appeals process was set up, to allow conscripts the opportunity to challenge the decision to send them to the pits, although decisions were rarely overturned. In total, up to 150,000 Romanians were killed in action while fighting as part of the Austro-Hungarian Army. Sherwood: Season 1 October 4, 2022. 2, Ed. Cotiso was in a strong position to dictate terms of any alliance to either of the conflicting parties. [224] During the 11th and 12th centuries, the nomadic confederacy of the Cumans and Eastern Kipchaks dominated the territories between present-day Kazakhstan, southern Russia, Ukraine, southern Moldavia and western Wallachia. [5] Although output from mines had increased as the world economy recovered from the Great Depression, it was in decline again by the time war broke out in September 1939. This was not entirely true, because Dacian troops frequently crossed the Danube to ravage parts of Pannonia and Moesia. A quote from the 6th-century Byzantine chronicler Zosimus referring to the Carpo-Dacians (Greek: , Latin: Carpo-Dacae), who attacked the Romans in the late 4th century, is seen as evidence of their Dacian ethnicity. Around this time, Carol met with Adolf Hitler, who expressed his wish to see a Romanian government headed by the pro-Nazi Iron Guard. A metropolitan police officer nearing the end of his career. Presidential and parliamentary elections were held on 20 May 1990. During this period, Romania's resources were drained by the "SovRom" agreements; mixed Soviet-Romanian companies were established to mask the Soviet Union's looting of Romania. [100] Regardless of their place of origin, the settlers and colonists were a physical manifestation of Roman civilisation and imperial culture, bringing with them the most effective Romanizing mechanism: the use of Latin as the new lingua franca.
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